Tinbergen’s Four Questions Regarding Orca Behaviour free essay sample

The sort of correspondence used to transmit data is firmly identified with the animal’s way of life and condition. This can be seen in most earthbound warm blooded creatures which are nighttime so utilize olfactory and sound-related which fill in too in obscurity as they do during the day. Visual correspondence would be moderately inadequate in this way of life. Interestingly people are diurnal and utilize essentially visual and sound-related signs for correspondence, however miss numerous substance signals which numerous different vertebrates base their conduct upon. Marine well evolved creatures regularly need to impart significant stretches, and the water doesn't bolster viewable signals over huge span. This is the reason whales and dolphins utilize fundamentally sound-related signs. Sound-related signs can travel huge spans and travel four and a half times quicker in water than in air (Ford, 1984). Executioner whales or Orca (Orcinus orca) are exceptionally social dolphins and live in units regularly comprising of relatives from between four up to fifty for private whales while transient cases ordinarily are just somewhere in the range of two and five creatures (Ford, 1989). We will compose a custom exposition test on Tinbergen’s Four Questions Regarding Orca Behavior or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page These units speak with one another by utilization of echolocation clicks, tonal whistles and beat calls (Deecke et al. , 2000). The three principle commotions have totally different utilizations from one another. Snaps can either be created as a solitary snap or delivered in quick progression. Single snaps are commonly utilized for route and assortment of snaps and whistles are believed to be utilized for correspondence among individuals from the unit. Heartbeats are accepted, with the help of single snaps, to be the technique utilized by orcas to recognize questions and separate prey (Barrett-Lennard et al. 1996). Private orcas feed on fish, and can be as often as possible heard speaking with the snaps, whistles and calls on the grounds that the fish have poor hearing capacities (Wilson, 2002). The vocal conduct of transient executioner whales is very extraordinary with the vocal correspondence comprising of intermittent snaps and heartbeats (Deecke et al. , 2000). The main event wh ere transient orcas show critical measures of vocal movement is the point at which they are dynamic on a superficial level or as of late after a murder. The purposes behind this decrease of clamor could be because of numerous elements which can be seen in different species cooperations and conduct. Utilizing ‘Tinbergen’s four questions’, I will clarify what need for this conduct and what the roots of the quiet conduct may have been. Tinbergen’s Four Questions In 1963 Nikolaas Tinbergen distributed a paper â€Å"On points and techniques for ethology†. In this paper he talked about how he accepted any inquiry with respect to creature conduct ought to be separated into four distinct inquiries. These four inquiries could be isolated into two classes, transformative (extreme) clarifications and proximate clarifications. The transformative clarifications, which allude to the populace, incorporate advancement or phylogenetic determinants and endurance esteem or versatile criticalness. The phylogenetic determinants allude to every single transformative clarification which are not secured by versatile centrality. These may incorporate arbitrary procedures remembering transformation and changes for nature which could have impacts on the populace bringing about a particular conduct adjustment. The versatile importance intently follows Charles Darwin’s take a shot at common choice where it is clarified that an animal’s structure has been adjusted to work better in the living space and bringing about an expansion in qualification for the person. The proximate clarifications are engaged with managing as far as the person instead of the populace. The two diverse individual inquiries proposed by Tinbergen identify with causation and ontogeny. The causation for a presentation of conduct identifies with the mechanics of the body and which improvements gives a prompt to the creature to show this conduct. Remembered for causation is control of hormones, engine control, focal sensory system control and the capacity to process the data acquired through faculties. Ontogeny identifies with the improvement of a person, from origination until death. This may incorporate an encounter or an ecological factor which happens and changes the conduct of the creature, including took in conduct from another person. Causation ? Figure 1: A delineation of sound age, spread and gathering in an amazing whale. (WhalesB. C. com) The nasopharyngeal life structures of cetaceans is firmly altered contrasting and earthbound warm blooded animals. They have one weaken respiratory opening at the highest point of the head. It is shut close to the surface by thick musculocutaneous pleats organized in this way, that the remarkable of one of them goes into the dimple of another. They structure a curious lock keeping the water from infiltrating into respiratory tract. Over the skull around of nose entry there is an arrangement of pneumatic sacs, associated with nose section (Barrett-Lennard et al. , 1996). In 1964 A. V. Jablokov assumed that sounds could be delivered by constraining air through these nasal sacs. Air is constrained past a lot of finely striated strong fittings or lips that vibrate or slap against one another as the lips are constrained separated by the flood of air and afterward slapped shut by solid pressure (Ford, 1989). Transient executioner whales are regularly hard to follow when submerged as they are commonly quiet. Regularly speaking with one another with only a solitary snap, known as an obscure snap (Deecke et al. , 2000). The main time that the executioner whales produce a lot of vocal action was when processing about on a superficial level or subsequent to killing a marine warm blooded creature. Drifters have been found to just utilize four to six discrete calls which are not imparted to the occupant units (Deecke et al. , 2004). Ontogeny Like different parts of learning in mammalian culture, I speculate that the infant calves will be shown the capacity for vocalization by its parent or other case individuals. There have been numerous examinations on executioner whale vocalizations in various pieces of the world including Canada (Ford, 1984), Alaska (Yurk et al. 2002) and Norway (Matkin, 1988). Each investigation indicated that each case has its own unmistakable collection of discrete calls, frequently this marvel is alluded to as vocal lingos. The distinctions in vocal collections can be the aftereffect of geographic segregation and when this happens it isn't lingos that are being spoken to yet â₠¬Å"geographic varieties of vocal repertoire† (Ford, 1984). The utilization of tedious calls and the particular number and kind of discrete calls are what are utilized to arrange and look at vernaculars. Cases regularly produce somewhere in the range of seven and seventeen unique kinds of discrete calls. A few cases share assembles and are gathered as an acoustic family (Baird et al. , 1988). Various groups may speak to various free maternal ancestries, which have persevered for some, ages, building up their autonomous call customs. Tongues are most likely the methods by which unit cohesiveness and character are kept up. Infant calls figure out how to deliver calls truly equivalent to their moms, yet the collection is restricted. With the appearance of another calf to the pod, the calls of the pod and especially the matron increment, particularly the recurrence of pod-explicit calls (Ford, 1989). This is generally viewed as the strategy to which babies gain proficiency with the cases vernacular. Most of the learning done by the infant is a procedure of impersonation and experimentation. The calf doesn't generally take in correspondence from a parent. In imprisonment a youthful whale was seen to have taken in the calls of its tank mate, despite the fact that it had no relatedness. Endurance Value I conjecture that the in light of the fact that the mammalian predators can hear well submerged is the motivation behind why the transient executioner whales embrace essentially decreased correspondence during times of searching. Acoustic correspondence can have extraordinary advantages, for example, arranging bunches for assaults and maintaining a strategic distance from predation. Similarly as with all conduct qualities there is an exchange off. There is an immediate expense of vitality required to delivering the sounds and alongside this is the loss of vitality from absence of taking care of during times of imparting. There is likewise an aberrant expense, particularly for transient executioner whales, which give data to meddlers. Meddlers may incorporate contenders (Hammond et al. , 2003), predators (Hosken et al. 1994) or for transient executioner whales alarming potential prey. Different investigations have archived the expenses from spying for prey on account of predators who use echolocation. Bats have been recorded going after frogs performing mating calls by listening stealthily on them (Fenton, 2003). Creepy crawlies have additionally been noted as having the option to maintain a strategic distance from predation from bats by tuning in to their acoustic projections (Rydell et al. , 1995). Informative vocalizations are typically not basic for prey area dissimilar to echolocation. This is the most probable explanation that transient executioner whales move peacefully or extensively diminished vocal correspondence while searching. Advancement I accept that the development of marine warm blooded animals from a typical predecessor impedes the transient executioner whales chasing because of the maintenance of phenomenal submerged hearing by marine vertebrates. In Pakistan the revelation of Ambulocetus was surprising, a three meter long warm blooded creature which looked like a crocodile. It is believed to be the transitional fossil beginning the mammalian development towards an oceanic life. By 38 million years back warm blooded animals had completely adjusted to an amphibian existence with the rise of Basilosaurus and Dorudon. In spite of the fact that these huge marine vertebrates looked like current whales and dolphins they did not have the ‘melon organ’ which permits echolocation in their relatives (Ford, et al. , 2000)

The Role of free Will Essay Example for Free

The Role of through and through freedom Essay Destiny is by definition the event of inescapable occasions that are fated to occur in a keeps an eye on life. In writing, destiny has a solid association with the idea of choice on the grounds that both can direct a character to a specific predetermination. In Oedipus the King, composed by the Sophocles, Oedipuss dismal destiny of parricide and interbreeding is prophesized by the Oracle at Delphi. In any case, it isn't destiny that prompted Oedipuss devastation, yet his staggering interest, rash activities, and silly decisions. Oedipuss unquenchable interest drives him to find the ghastly truth of his violations and lineage. His interest frequently sets him unsatisfied, and incites him to explore numerous needless subtleties. In Corinth, an alcoholic reprimanded that Oedipus was not [his] fathers child (44)1. Overpowered with dissatisfaction, Oedipus examines his folks concerning his character. In spite of the fact that he got the ideal reaction, he despite everything feels that the thing had brought forth a compunction in [his] mind (44). His unnecessary interest urges him to take away from home to Delphi, to the prophet (44), where he at that point learns of the terrible prescience. This interest drives him to withdraw his protected country into a remote land where he in the end meets his offensive end. Oedipuss abundant interest is additionally introduced when he tenaciously seeks after his self-character search. Jocasta cautions Oedipus to end his examination for [his] own lifes purpose (59). In any case, prodding from his interest, Oedipus despite everything decides not to think of her as admonitions keenly. Not exclusively do Oedipuss interests add to his destruction, Oedipuss hurried activities are likewise basic. Oedipuss lack of caution goes about as a guide that pushes him to meet his own heartbreaking fate. At the point when Oedipus left Corinth, he was [forced] off the street (44) by men who appeared to ask on. Without genuine contemplations of the mens potential personalities and aims, Oedipus in wrath landed [one man] a blow (44). In the long run Oedipus executes all the men, including his genuine dad, Laius. This preventable issue is set as an establishment to Oedipuss future disaster. As a pioneer, his activities additionally assume a vital job in his future result. At the point when Creon returns with data from Apollo, he inquires as to whether he needs to talk about the issue secretly. Without the slightest hesitation, Oedipus requests him to stand up to each of the (8). Oedipus excitedly dispenses with the need of this urgent snippet of data to be deciphered astutely first. His wild character is indicated again through his discussion with Jocasta. At the point when she attempts to keep Oedipus from knowing the repulsive truth, Oedipus aimlessly blames her for harnessing at [his] unimportant source (60) with each of the a womans pride (60). These meddlesome words will turn into a piece of obliviousness and blame he in the long run needs to shoulder. In spite of the fact that Oedipuss wild activities assume a significant job in his future, his dubious judgment additionally has a pivotal influence. Oedipuss method of dissecting issues makes blemishes that immediate him to meet his predetermination. As the King of Thebes, Oedipus doesn't satisfy the necessity of being an effective pioneer. He drives Thebes to follow fifteen years (3) of a trick flourishing shrouding debasement (3). It was not until Thebe is struck by plague (3) that Oedipus at long last got the obligation and requests exhortation from the God. At the point when Creon comes back with exhortation from Apollo, Oedipus doesn't tranquilly decipher the Gods message. Rather, he transparently demands for the enemy of Laius. At the point when this technique fizzles, obviously, Oedipus responds with rage. He reviles the executioner, in the case of sneaking off alone or with a band of men (15) to be [called] down an actual existence to fit a real existence hauled out in debasement (15). As Oedipus quickly looks for the killer, he additionally makes the disclosure of his own violations increasingly inescapable. Along these lines of illuminating the issue drives Oedipus intensely to look for an answer. Oedipus was urged by Creon to discover Tiresias, the visually impaired man with incredible understanding. Oedipus argues Tiresias to mix himself to assist where with helping he can (18) and depicts him decently as the natural, educational ace of the limited and the unbounded (17). Be that as it may, when Tiresias asserts the killer of the man whose murder [Oedipus] seeks after is [him] (22), Oedipus reacts by considering Tiresias a purblind man, in ears and brain and vision (22). It tends to be seen that Oedipuss trust for Tiresias isn't certifiable. The incensed Oedipus loses his decisions, and doesn't consider the unwavering quality of Tiresiass words or to inspect the case secretly. Rather, he carries on his error by blaming Creon for plotting with Tiresias to oust and grab (22). Creon attempts to disclose to Oedipus that he was unable to desire authority for itself when [he] can be a lord by different methods (33), and he requests that Oedipus take [him], slaughter [him] (34) on the off chance that he is discovered unfaithful. Be that as it may, Oedipus ignores Creons fifteen years of steadfastness and still professes to need [him] dead (34). By not really thinking about Tiresiass prescience and indiscriminately denouncing Creon, Oedipus broadens his own ghastly deeds. His scorn towards Creon drives him to get notification from Jocasta that Laius was killed at a spot where the street from Delphi meets the street from Daulia (41). This occurrence strikes Oedipus as he reviews that he had executed a few men at a similar spot. Starting here on, reality started to unwind as Oedipus is encouraged to locate the enduring herder of Laius. These foreseeing occasions coming about because of Oedipuss own risky decisions cause him to meet his rancorous predetermination. Oedipus the King presents the inescapable destiny of the fundamental character, Oedipus, of inbreeding and parricide. In any case, it isn't the foreordained power of destiny that drives Oedipus unpreventably to his predetermination. Through and through freedom and Oedipuss own decision are the fundamental sources that decimated his life. Oedipus, with his monstrous interests, rash activities, and impolite decisions, drove him to meet his own fate.

How Long Mescaline Stays in Your System

How Long Mescaline Stays in Your System Addiction Drug Use Hallucinogens Print How Long Mescaline Stays in Your System By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 09, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on April 28, 2019 DEA/C. DANI / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Hallucinogens Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Several factors are involved in determining how long mescaline is detectable in the body, including which kind drug test is being used. Mescalineâ€"also known as buttons, cactus, mesc, peyote buttonsâ€"can be detected for a shorter time with some tests, but can be visible for up to three months in other tests. The timetable for detecting mescaline in the system is also dependent upon each individuals metabolism, body mass, age, hydration level, physical activity, health conditions and other factors, making it almost impossible to determine an exact time mescaline will show up on a drug test. The following is an estimated range of times, or detection windows, during which mescaline can be detected by various testing methods: Urine: Mescaline can be detected in the urine for 2-3 daysBlood: There is some data available that indicates Mescaline can be detected in the blood for up to 24 hours.Saliva: A saliva test can detect Mescaline for up to 1-10 daysHair: Mescaline, like many other drugs, can be detected with a hair follicle drug test for up to 90 days. Preventing Side-Effects Mescaline comes from the small peyote cactus plant, but can also be man-made through chemical synthesis. The dried peyote buttons are usually dried and then chewed or made into a liquid or tea for consumption. Usually, only a very small amount of mescalineâ€"0.3 to 0.5 gramsâ€"is needed to produce hallucinations. The effects last about 12 hours, but it remains in the system for a much longer time. The physical effects of mescaline can be similar to those of hallucinogens, including: Increased body temperatureIncreased heart rateUncoordinated movementsProfound sweatingFlushing Long-Term Effects For some users, repeated or long-term use of mescaline can cause the development of persistent psychosis, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Symptoms of the psychosis can include: ParanoiaMood disturbancesVisual disturbancesDisorganized thinking Flashbacks or HPPD The NIDA also reports that some users of hallucinogens, including mescaline, can experience flashbacks, a phenomenon is known as hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD). Even when they are not using mescaline at the time, some people report seeing trails following moving objects or halos around people or objects. These symptoms can become so persistent that they are sometimes mistaken for symptoms of stroke or brain tumors. Symptoms of persistent psychosis and HPPD have been reported by users even after only one exposure to mescaline. However, persistent psychosis symptoms are very rare in mescaline users and seem to occur mostly in those with a history of psychiatric problems, according to the NIDA.

Effects Of Marriage On An Individual - 1924 Words

Though everyone’s view is contrasted, there is a similar belief that humans are not meant to roam the earth alone. For many, there is a hope that one day someone will enter his or her life and change it for the better. When this happens, the consequences associated with marriage or a long-term relationship are not always clearly seen. The effects of marriage or a long-term relationship on an individual can help a couple to understand the right time to begin such a relationship, the change in environment within his or her new lifestyle, and the difference in emotional and physical health after that relationship has begun. As the study of marriage unfolds, many can be informed of the effects that marriage can have on an individual. For those†¦show more content†¦There are many factors that play a role in the decision to wait a longer period of time before entering marriage. A recent study explains that â€Å"In particular, many Americans are waiting longer to get marri ed due to opportunities for women to pursue careers outside the home, due to better control over the timing of childbearing, and due to the ability to be more selective when choosing a spouse† (Greenstone and Looney). This statement explains that there are those who wish for more opportunities within a married relationship. While this is not necessarily a bad idea, it is not an ideal solution to the ever-present problem in the marrying world. An aggrandized view of marriage/long-term relationships has caused many people to disregard the statement that no relationship is perfect, though many may portray perfection. With the knowledge that all marriage/long-term relationships have flaws, a solution must be found regarding the right time to marry. Focussing on waiting for the right time to marry or enter a long-term relationship causes many to wait for something that may never happen. When thinking about marriage/long-term relationships, it is imperative that one creates a balance between work and time. Sometimes, building the idealistic life can cause people to postpone or delay relationships because of concerns such as stability and family life. While it is important to build a life prepared to â€Å"take on† the future,Show MoreRelatedArranged Marriage And Other Types Of Marriage1635 Words   |  7 PagesAn arranged marriage by definition is a marriage planned and agreed upon by the families or guardians of the bride and groom. The amount of input a bride or groom has is based on the type of arranged marriage (Psychology Wiki). Arranged marriage is a sensitive topic as it involves the values, beliefs and core characteristics of many people. There are multiple views on arranged marriage, both positive and negative. I n the west, most individuals have negative opinions on arranged marriage. 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The Success Of The Business - 941 Words

The success of the business will be monitored monthly in the first year and quarterly in following years. The Company is fully aware that new businesses take up to a few years to start turning a profit and that the businesses could operate at a loss during that time. The financials included within the business plan have been forecasted conservatively to maintain realistic and accurate predictions. Management will also keep this in mind when evaluating the state of the business, and make adjustments as necessary to keep the business running with a positive cash flow. As the Company continues to develop and grow its focus will remain on launching a specialized hedge fund within the 3-4 years of operation. Looking ahead, as effective management tool, the time may come to exit the Company; the owners will be prepared to sell to another firm. To facilitate this potential process, Hedge Equity Investment Advisors will build a company that is transparent, sustainable and of optimal size for the company to be successfully acquired by a larger entity should the offer arise. Exclusive contracts and agreements can be transferred to new ownership should the Company be bought out by a larger online or full-service brokerage firm in the future. The next owner will fully understand the business and its profitability as part of sales negotiations. A certified accountant and tax expert will be employed to ensure the business is fit to be sold in a transparent and profitable way when thatShow MoreRelatedBusiness Success For A Business1204 Words   |  5 PagesBusiness Success in the New Normal For a business to succeed in today’s global economy, it takes more than opening doors, turning on phones or powering up computers. Today’s businesses have to look beyond their local competition and take into consideration global competition. 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Assess the Corporate Social Responsibility of Telecommunication Industries Free Essays

Mobile telecommunication industries in this country with time have increasingly played major roles in not only the lives of the people within the community in which they are situated but also in the total economic well being of the country as a whole through their social responsibility activities. The Mobile telecommunication industry in this country has increased tremendously within the past couple of years, and have increasingly played major roles in not only the lives of the people within the community in which they are situated but also in the total economic well being of the country as a whole through their social responsibility activities. The idea of Social Responsibility has developed differently around the world because of different histories, culture and institution. We will write a custom essay sample on Assess the Corporate Social Responsibility of Telecommunication Industries or any similar topic only for you Order Now Steiner George 2000) In the past years, the multi-faceted problems made it almost impossible for indigenous industries to undertake social activities in developing countries. However, corporate social responsibility (CSR) research has blossomed in this new millennium. This is due to the increasing concern expressed by policy makers and individual bodies about corporate social responsibility and the pressure exerted on organizations to demonstrate high ethical standards. This project is very important because Ghana may need a new code of conduct, laws and regulations and multi-stakeholder agreements and private voluntary initiatives as new businesses are beginning to emerge into our system. Telecommunication industry is a typical example of a fast growing industry within our system. It is therefore imperative that we acknowledge the significance of their corporate contribution to the societies and the nation, for this foresight to be smart and articulate. 1. 2 BACKGROUND STUDY The precise concept of CSR is understood in different ways, having different representations of the concept relatable to different paradigms and concerns. Aside all the differences pertaining to the nature and content of CSR, a number of the concepts includes human rights, environmental responsibility, diversity management, sustainability, and philanthropy, meaning that it is a complex area with an interdisciplinary focus. It is generally agreed that CSR involves corporations voluntarily exceeding their legal duties to take account of social, economic and environmental impacts of their operations. For example, the European Commission defines CSR as: â€Å"A concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interactions with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis† (European Multistakeholder Forum on CSR, 2004: 3) Corporate Social Responsibility also relates to those management philosophies, policies, procedure and act that have advancement of social welfare as one of their primary objectives (By Boone and Kurtz 1987) CSR is about how companies manage the business processes to produce an overall positive impact on society. Its concern is related to certain aspects of the company’s operations such as the quality of their management – both in terms of people and processes, and the nature of, and quantity of their impact on society in the various areas. The term â€Å"CSR† came in to common use in the early 1970s, after many multinational corporations were formed. The term stakeholder, meaning those on whom an organization’s activities have an impact, was used to describe corporate owners beyond shareholders as a result of an influential book by R Freeman in 1984. 2] ISO 26000 is the recognized international standard for CSR Public sector organizations. It is widely accepted that CSR adheres to similar principles but with no formal act of legislation. The UN has developed the Principles for Responsible Investment as guidelines for investing entities. Corporate social responsibility (CSR), also known as corporate responsibility, corporate conscience, corporate citizenship, respo nsible business, sustainable responsible business (SRB), or corporate social performance,[1] is a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model. Ideally, CSR policy would function as a built-in, self-regulating mechanism whereby business would monitor and ensure its support to law, ethical standards, and international norms. Consequently, business would embrace responsibility for the impact of its activities on the environment, consumers, employees, communities, stakeholders and all other members of the public sphere. Furthermore, CSR-focused businesses would proactively promote the public interest by encouraging community growth and development, and voluntarily eliminating practices that harm the public sphere, regardless of legality. Essentially, CSR is the deliberate inclusion of public interest into corporate decision-making, and the honoring of a triple bottom line: people, planet, profit. Stakeholders are taking an increasing interest in the activity of the company. Most look to the outer circle, that is, what the company has actually done, good or bad, in terms of its products and services, in terms of its impact on the environment and on local communities, or in how it treats and develops its workforce. Out of the various stakeholders, it is financial analysts who are predominantly focused – as well as past financial performance – on quality of management as an indicator of likely future performance. Developed countries have worked out a way around ensuring that local and international businesses or companies make contributions towards community development. Sainsbury’s and Tesco for instance are typical examples of companies that have contributed towards every community they operate. The contrast however in Africa is that the key people within the community are just contented to accept a bottle of Scottish Whiskey or Schnapps or local spirit over a businessdeal. Ghana needs to get a grip of how best our laws would work for us if we involve businesses co-operation into helping with our community developments. Understanding how international law works and how it can be used to further both national and international CSR objectives. 1. 3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The mobile telecommunication industry in this country has increased tremendously and continuously growing at a very high speed over the past ten years. The researcher’s aim is to throw more light on the real impact of this industry on the economy through their social activities. The research also works towards assessing whether or not the individual activities are achieving their desired impact on society. The view of the public is also a major concern to the researcher. This research is to find out the level of recognition the mobile telecommunication industries receive for their social activities and also to identify the level of benefits they receive in terms of increasing customer base and overall image of the industry upon undertaking such corporate social responsibility. 1. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The significance and contribution of the mobile telecommunication industry in this country cannot be over emphasized. The main aim of this study was to assess the level of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices by the Mobile Telecommunication Industry in the country. * This study sought to ascertain and document the extent of recognition and appreciation, nature and content of socially responsible actions by mobile telecommunication firms located in Ghana. * Based on this study the researcher anticipates that the information they have provided will be beneficial to the government and policy makers. Another motive for this research is to helping the industry be more aware of their CSR and acknowledge its importance to not only their image and customer base, but also as a major contributing factor towards economic development. * This study will interest students, academics and practitioners who might be undertaking further research on issues relating to the topic. | 1. 5 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY * To outline the social, economic and political factors driving the development and implementation of CSR of the mobile telecommunication industry Ghana. The study is to identify the contributions of mobile telecommunication network towards social and economic development with specific reference to MTN. * To assess the challenges they go through in complying with the expectation of the society * To address the contested nature of CSR, in particular in terms of its instrumental or normative value. * To assess individuals notions of the role and nature of corporations with respect to corporate social responsibility. 1. 6 RESEARCH QUESTINE * What are the corporate social responsibility activities undertaken by mobile telecommunication agencies? To what extent, and in what way can or should mobile corporations be held mo rally responsible? * Is there a significant contribution of CSR towards economic development? * Are their CSR activities a strategy for distinguishing and protecting their image and creating trust, and to attract and retain both potential employees and consumers? * Are the benefits of their contributions worth the harm they may be causing to the societies? * Are they giving back enough to the society relative to what they are receiving? * Are the people satisfied with their services and contributions? . 7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY Primary and secondary data was used as a source of information. The researchers also had to design proposed questionnaires to access information from the users of the mobile industry concerning their opinions, this was however done randomly. The research is aimed at assessing the nature and content of the corporate social responsibility activities undertaken by the various organizations within the telecommunication industry and its contribution to the society and in turn the economy of the nation. . 8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY Some of the limitations of this study included; * Lack of sufficient information; This was as a result of the reluctance of officers within the industry to give out all the information required for the research. * Time factor; The combination of academic demands i. e. Lectures and exams with the working on this project made the period of submission quiet short for undertaking all the requirements for assessing information for the study. 1. 9 ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY This research is presented in 5 chapters with subdivisions. * Chapter 1 begins with an introduction to the topic stating its relevance, the background study, statement of the problem, research question, and objective of the study, significance of the study and scope and limitation. * Chapter 2 outlines the literature review :definition and explanation of terms, nature of Social responsibility, levels and dimensions of social responsibility, problems associated with social responsibilities, Chapter 3 tackle the Theoretical Review of the research, which comprises of the population, sample and sampling procedures, Research instrument , Administration of instrument and method of data Analysis. * Chapter 4 relates to the Empirical Review, which contains a brief historical background of the individual mobile telecommunication industries in Ghana, types of social responsibility activities in which they engage themselves into, effects of such activities on their customer base and profitability, problems encountered while undertaking/for filing their social responsibility Chapter 5 deals with presentation of findings, this consists of findings and summary, and conclusion of findings and recommendations. 1. 10 DEFINITION OF TERMS Ten CSR Themes Social Responsibility Agreements, Ghana Drivers of and Constraints to PRIVATE Sector Engagement How to cite Assess the Corporate Social Responsibility of Telecommunication Industries, Papers

Lpool Essay Example

Lpool Essay Liverpools post-Second World War decline took its toll on Toxteth. Increasing unemployment in the city, lack of government action, institutionalised racism within the police force and general poverty led to the 1981 Toxteth riots, for which the area is probably most famous. and crime Liverpools post-Second World War decline took its toll on Toxteth. Increasing unemployment in the city, lack of government action, institutionalised racism within the police force and general poverty led to the 1981 Toxteth riots, for which the area is probably most famous. Immigration to Toxteth took place from the 1950s to the present day, mostly from Africa and the Caribbean with relatively few from the Indian sub-continent. July 1981 saw the riots, in which dozens of young males caused a great deal of damage and many injuries. Poverty, unemployment, racial tension, racism from the local white population and hostility towards the police were largely blamed for the disturbances, which were among the worst scenes of unrest seen during peacetime in Britain at that time. Hundreds of people were injured, one man was killed by a police Land Rover, and countless buildings and vehicles were damaged. [4] Crime rates in Toxteth have been high for many years. As well as racial and civil unrest, vehicle crime has also blighted Toxteth. The highest-profile instance of vehicle crime in Toxteth came on 30 October 1991, when two children (nine-year-old Daniel Davies and 12-year-old Adele Thompson) were killed by a speeding Mazda sports car driven by 18-year-old joyrider Christopher Lewin on Granby Street. We will write a custom essay sample on Lpool specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lpool specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lpool specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Adele died at the scene, and Daniel from his injuries a week later. Lewin was found guilty on a double manslaughter charge at Liverpool Crown Court on 24 September 1992 and sentenced to seven and a half years in prison, as well as being banned from driving for seven years. At the end of his trial, relatives and friends of the two victims pelted him with missiles and threatened to attack him. Five of them were ejected from the court. [5]

Transgender issues in The Crying Game and M. Butterfly

Transgender issues in The Crying Game and M. Butterfly Historically, community has difficulties with accepting not only peculiarities of the others but even their own nature. The acceptance of the phenomenon of transgender status in contrast to widely spread stereotypes on it is one of the central themes and moral messages of the 1992 movie The Crying Game and the 1993 movie M. Butetrfly.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Transgender issues in â€Å"The Crying Game† and â€Å"M. Butterfly† specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The filmmakers’ decision to hide the transgender status of their characters can be explained with not only their intention to complicate the plot lines and intensify the viewers’ impression from the clarification of the situation at the climax moments of the films, but also conveying certain moral messages. This technique allows the authors to demonstrate the impact of knowledge on the individual’s transsexual status upon the overall perception of a person. Thus, after one of the central scenes in the films in which Dil’s and Pei-Pu’s true gender is revealed, the attitude of the audience to these characters changes. However, the fact that the main male characters of the movies remain with their beloved disregarding their status is intended to affect the viewers’ opinion of this phenomenon in general. Raising the problem of the perception of the person’s transgender status by the community and the corresponding psychological distress in people who feel uncomfortable about their biological gender, the filmmakers enhance the viewers’ empathy. Showing the suffering of the characters with transgender status, the filmmakers make the audience understand their feelings and sympathize with them. It is significant that from the very beginning neither the audience nor most characters are aware of Dil’s and Pei-Pu’s gender status. Then, at the moment when the status is revealed, the spectators and the main male characters experience equal shock and reconsider their perception of the individuals with transgender status in general. The filmmakers’ decision to conceal the gender status of some of their characters had impact upon the spectatos’ perception of this information as associated with a concrete person.Advertising Looking for critical writing on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Analyzing the changes in the attitude towards Dil and Pei-Pu after their gender status is revealed, it can be stated that knowledge on gender status plays an important role in acceptance of the others and acceptance of own nature. The importance of sincerity and personal acceptance are the main messages of the films under consideration. For example, in The Crying Game, Dil is comfortable with her transgender status and accepts it as it is, while Fergus has certain difficulties in accepting his feelings to Dil after he gets to know about her biological gender. The inner struggle in the main male character reveals his problem with understanding who he is and what he needs from this life. The meaning of the tale about a frog and a scorpion which is told twice in the film is much broader in the context of the film plot. Thus, when at the end of the film Fergus recollects this tale and says that he has saved Dil from prison because it is in his nature, he means much more than readiness to sacrifice his interests. This phrase means that Fergus at last understands who he is, realizes what Dil means to him and accepts it as a part of his nature. The relationships of the main male characters with Dil and Pei-Pu which continued even after their transgender status was revealed show that gender is a significant but not the only parameter according to which an individual can be judged. The gender status can be related to the national status regar ding the community prejudices affecting the public perception of persons belonging to certain gender or ethnic groups. The plots of the films under consideration are intended to show the inappropriateness of the existing stereotypes. As opposed to the widely spread misconceptions, Dil and Pei-Pu look ad behave as ordinary girls, and their appearance is so deceptive that the male characters do not have any doubts as to their gender status. The filmmakers have shown to the audience that perception of gender status cannot be limited to physiological sex. Acknowledging the phenomenon of transgender status in some members of the community and the difficulties hey experience with accepting their nature and being accepted by the community, the movies provide insights into the inner world of the characters.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Transgender issues in â€Å"The Crying Game† and â€Å"M. Butterfly† specifically for you for only $1 6.05 $11/page Learn More Making the audience sympathize with these characters, the filmmakers motivate the audience to change their attitude to the social phenomenon in general. The knowledge on Dil’s and Pei-Pu’s transgender status at first shocked their beloved who have previously been blind to it. Still, after getting rid of their stereotypes and reconsidering their values, the main male characters accept their feelings to individuals of their own sex. The choice of the filmmaking techniques, plot lines and structure of the movies was effective for shedding light upon the psychological and sociological aspects of transgender status. The filmmaking techniques and peculiarities of the plot in the movies The Crying Game and M. Butetrfly affect the spectators’ perception of the individuals with transgender status by initiating the audience into their feelings and making them sympathize with individuals who are uncomfortable with their biological g ender.

How to Write a Case Study Analysis for Business School

How to Write a Case Study Analysis for Business School When writing a business case study analysis, you must first have a good understanding of the case study. Before you begin the steps below, read the business case carefully, taking notes all the while. It may be necessary to read the case several times to get all of the details and fully grasp the issues facing the group, company, or industry. As you are reading, do your best to identify key issues, key players, and the most pertinent facts. After you are comfortable with the information, use the following step-by-step instructions (geared toward a single-company analysis) to write your report. To write about an industry, just adapt the steps listed here to discuss the segment as a whole. Step 1: Investigate the Company’s History and Growth A company’s past can greatly affect the present and future state of the organization. To begin, investigate the company’s founding, critical incidents, structure, and growth. Create a timeline of events, issues, and achievements. This timeline will come in handy for the next step.   Step 2: Identify Strengths and Weaknesses Using the information you gathered in step one, continue by examining and making a list of the value creation functions of the company. For example, the company may be weak in product development but strong in marketing. Make a list of problems that have occurred and note the effects they have had on the company. You should also list areas where the company has excelled. Note the effects of these incidents as well. Youre essentially conducting a partial  SWOT analysis  to get a better understanding of the companys strengths and weaknesses. A SWOT analysis involves documenting things like internal strengths (S) and weaknesses (W)  and  external opportunities (O) and threats (T).   Step 3: Examine the External Environment The third step involves identifying opportunities and threats within the company’s external environment. This is where the second part of the SWOT analysis (the O and the T)  comes into play. Special items to note include competition within the industry, bargaining powers, and the threat of substitute products. Some examples of opportunities include expansion into new markets or new technology. Some examples of threats include  increasing competition and higher interest rates. Step 4: Analyze Your Findings Using the information in steps 2 and 3, create an evaluation for this portion of your case study analysis. Compare the strengths and weaknesses within the company to the external threats and opportunities. Determine if the company is in a strong competitive position, and decide if it can continue at its current pace successfully. Step 5: Identify Corporate-Level Strategy To identify a company’s corporate-level strategy, identify and evaluate the company’s mission, goals, and actions toward those goals. Analyze the company’s line of business and its subsidiaries and acquisitions. You also want to debate the pros and cons of the company strategy to determine whether or not a change might benefit the company in the short or long term.​ Step 6: Identify Business-Level Strategy Thus far, your case study analysis has identified the company’s corporate-level strategy. To perform a complete analysis, you will need to identify the company’s business-level strategy. (Note: If it is a single business, without multiple companies under one umbrella, and not an industry-wide review, the corporate strategy and the business-level strategy are the same.) For this part, you should identify and analyze each company’s competitive strategy, marketing strategy, costs, and general focus. Step 7: Analyze Implementations This portion requires that you identify and analyze the structure and control systems that the company is using to implement its business strategies. Evaluate organizational change, levels of hierarchy, employee rewards, conflicts, and other issues that are important to the company you are analyzing. Step 8: Make Recommendations The final part of your case study analysis should include your recommendations for the company. Every recommendation you make should be based on and supported by the context of your analysis. Never share hunches or make a baseless recommendation. You also want to make sure that your suggested solutions are actually realistic. If the solutions cannot be implemented due to some sort of restraint, they are not realistic enough to make the final cut. Finally, consider some of the alternative solutions that you considered and rejected. Write down the reasons why these solutions were rejected.   Step 9: Review Look over your analysis when you have finished writing. Critique your work to make sure every step has been covered. Look for grammatical errors, poor sentence structure, or other things that can be improved. It should be clear, accurate, and professional. Business Case Study Analysis Tips Keep these strategic tips in mind: Know the case study ​backward and forward before you begin your case study analysis.Give yourself enough time to write the case study analysis. You dont want to rush through it.Be honest in your evaluations. Dont let personal issues and opinions cloud your judgment.Be analytical, not descriptive.Proofread your work, and even let a test reader give it a once-over for dropped words or typos that you no longer can see.

Responsible Marketing and Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Responsible Marketing and Advertising - Essay Example Arguably, these corporate businesses are themselves a subject of these systems of governance, regulation and responsibility but CSR demand corporate businesses to be subject and object of these systems simultaneously. In this connection, PepsiCo responsible advertising practices to ensure that only healthy choices are offered to schoolchildren are widely admired and echoed by corporate peers and competitors. If we zoom into corporate culture and behavior adopted by PepsiCo in previous two decades, its responsiveness to societal needs and demands became evident. A recent voluntary commitment of PepsiCo along with an alliance of multinational food and beverage manufacturers to advertise only the products of specific nutrition value to children under the age of 12 is an exemplary display of its socially aware corporate behavior. Stepping ahead of its competitors, PepsiCo has voluntarily adopted this policy as a global strategy not only in beverages rather it encompasses all food and sna ck’s brand of the corporation. Independent, third party sources have confirmed the success of PepsiCo compliance for this volunteer commitment to IFBA’s policy, formally known to be the policy for advertising to children by International Food & Beverage Alliance. The rate of this compliance is 100 percent for the year 2010 in USA and 98.5 for the rest of major Asian and European markets. Beyond this PepsiCo has taken another initiative. The objective of this initiative is to cut off the direct supply of all full-sugar soft drink to primary and secondary schools by the year 2012. This is a gigantic objective as far the corporate business is concerned. However, it is equally commendable for its social responsiveness on the part of a multinational brand like PepsiCo. Conclusion The need of socially aware and responsible advertising for children under the age 12 is globally recognized. However, the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) does not validate its enfo rcement through legislative and disciplinary measures. The beauty of the concept is in its believe in corporate volunteer responsiveness owing to growing acceptance of corporations who are socially more aware of their responsibilities. A proactive approach in committing itself to IFBA’s policy for marketing and voluntarily barring its sales to primary and high schools has further endorsed the social image of PepsiCo as a brand that stems from society and remains committed to it. Access to Nutritious Food and Corporate Responsibilities Naturally, corporate actions and policies are focused to shareholders’ interest and even if it is not intended, they are commonly interpreted on these grounds. More recently, media and masses have begun to focus corporate behaviors towards society more closely and minutely. So it has become increasingly important for corporations to show responsiveness to social demands and needs. Especially for the deserving segments of the society, corp orations are closely watched and monitored. The National Diary Council and The Quaker Oats, a subsidiary of PepsiCo have jointly announced a program to increase the children's access to breakfast, nutritious snacks and physical activity. PepsiCo has responded to this societal demand quite vigorously and have engaged in several socially aware plans to ensure provision of nutritious food to children. The initiative of PepsiCo to engage other corporation in a socially responsive program has once again surfaced its

Chinese Students Seek Places in US Universities Essay

Chinese Students Seek Places in US Universities - Essay Example The education sector has registered many changes because of the advent of technology and human demands and needs. Many Chinese students seek international education and often find their way into the United States of America. The open policy about education in the United States has promoted the influx of Chinese students into United States institutions. Education policy in the United States of America provides ample ground for international students because it does not restrict the needs of international students. Students look for quality education for their money. Since United States institutions have kept the result in quality education, it attracts many foreign students to apply for education in the United States. The number of Chinese students in the United States has increased showing a gain in international education trends. Research indicates that an increase in enrollment of international student by 3 percent. This figure translates to 690, 923 students. Students wish to grab education opportunities offered by institutions in America for their own benefit. The current world trends dictate the level of education that would usher a person into the job market. Many employers require certification from higher institutions which many Chinese students feel they are unable to attain while in the home country. Reports from the department of international students enrollment indicate that Chinese students are on the lead. Analysis by Open Door research indicates that a number of factors influence the current education trend in China and America. The report indicated that country policy is a major factor in contributing to international education trends (Marklein). For example, students from China find opportunity in United States institutions after the education system in China has locked them out. Stringent education policies in China have contributed to these developments.  

Pygmalion :: essays research papers

Shaw’s play "Pygmalion" and the movie "Born Yesterday" both explore many of the same issues and characteristics. They are similar because they both portray that what other people think should not matter as much as what you think of yourself but, what show yourself to be is how people will think and view of you. This is shown by similarities between the characters Billie and Eliza and the combined attitudes of Harry and Paul to Henry Higgins. They also both share the plot of taking someone who does not belong and changing them to belonging. Both pieces have quite similar themes. They both focus on the idea that the way you carry yourself and the way you speak shows to the outside world what type of person you are. They also explore that what you think of yourself should matter more then what others think of you. In "Born Yesterday" Billie, played by Melanie Griffith, is viewed by her intellectual level and not for her soul. When her intellect grew so did her self worth. In her growth of self worth she began to carry herself confidently. In exchange people treated her better. In "Pygmalion", Eliza is also judged on superficial matters. Even though Eliza did not have much class she still had some pride in herself that kept her strong. But unfortunately, Higgins did not pay attention to her words. He only paid attention to how she said them. He showed how he thought of her when he said, "It’s almost irresistible. She’s so deliciously low, so horribly dirty." [p 26] Higgins never once says what a nice woman Eliza is only how irritating her voice is. In both stories, there is also the sub-theme that the lead female is misplace by the changes that are thrust upon them. Billie feels less happiness about all her old favorite things when exposed to knowledge. Eliza realizes that the truthfulness of her old life when she is exposed to the superficial way of high society. This brings out the theme that ignorance is bliss and that we should not take anything we already have for granted. Eliza shows this point when she says, "I an a child in your country. I have forgotten my own language and can speak nothing but yours. That is the real break off with the corner of Tottenham court road." [page 94] The characters in "Born Yesterday" And "Pygmalion" are uncannily similar to one another.

Ethical Issues in the Professions and Business Essay

Professionals and other business personalities all share a common ground of responsibility towards that people that they particularly aim to serve. As individuals handling several procedures of servicing the society, it is undeniable that professionals follow a certain line of responsibilities that lead them towards the procedures of being able to complete the said tasks that they have towards the society that they are serving. To make the discussion concise, there are three major sets of responsibilities that each professional should give attention to. A) The Journalists Each member of the society has his or her own values in life that must be served by journalists. As for a fact, people are rightfully given the chance to know what is happening in the society around them. However, when they are involved in the issues presented by the media, whether they are from the local sectors of the society or that of the well-known personalities, they are entitled to having their own privacy and this too should be well guarded by journalists in their process of presenting the truth to the public. On the contrary, the aim of the institutions that journalists are serving such as media networks is to present as many credible facts as possible. To make the ends meet, it is important for the journalists to measure the impact of the society and their company as well towards their professional being. B) The Teachers Teachers are primarily expected to render service that is connected to sharing knowledge. It lies in their hands the wide possibilities of coming up with effective procedures of handling the needs of their students. The institutions that they are serving however aim for enrolling as many students that the institution could cater to. It is then in the discretion of the teacher on how he or she could be able to give the students the education that they need though applying a process that could cater to a huge number of students in an effective manner. C) The Lawyers It is the service of providing justice to all, that lawyers are particularly expected to render to the society.   Undeniably, the values of the society in this manner are to be highly considered. Serving the truth to those who need to know it and to those who need to be free is the key role that lawyers portray in the arena of justice provision. Once the lawyers are faced with a case that needs to be solved, whether they are in the defendants or the accused side, they must recognize the fact that they are there to render the truth to whoever is entitled to receive it.

Helium Squeaky Voice How to Do It Safely

If you breathe in helium and talk, you will have a squeaky (but not higher) voice. Learn how to do the helium voice experiment safety and find out how helium voice works. How to Get Helium Voice You can breathe in helium to change the sound of your voice and illustrate how density affects the speed of sound. You can pick up a helium-filled balloon at many grocery or party supply stores. To make your voice squeaky, you just exhale air, take a deep breath of helium and talk (or sing, if youre extroverted.) How Helium Voice Works When your vocal cords vibrate, as when you talk or sing, the sound waves are propagated through helium instead of air. Helium is about six times lighter than air, so the sound waves travel much more quickly through helium than through air. While the geometry of your vocal cords doesnt change, they vibrate differently in the lighter gas. The actual pitch of your voice does not change very much. However, the resonances associated with your voice are present in different proportions. Helium Voice Safety Helium is non-toxic, but this project can make you lightheaded from breathing in helium instead of air with oxygen. Dont breathe in more than a few breaths of helium. Exhale fully after each breath, then take a deep breath of regular air. Dont repeat the helium voice project over and over again. Never breathe helium directly from a compressed gas canister.